The Jurisprudence of Bail: Reasoned Orders and Judicial Discretion

In India, the jurisprudence of bail is undergoing a significant transformation. From being an arbitrary exercise to a structured judicial process, the Supreme Court has consistently emphasized that bail decisions must reflect sound reasoning and judicial mindfulness. The shift is not just procedural but reflects a deeper concern for upholding personal liberty, constitutional values, and the integrity of the justice system.

Below is a synthesis of landmark rulings that have laid down the contours of how courts must approach bail—particularly in ensuring that orders are reasoned, not cryptic, and compliant with the principles of natural justice.

1. Y. v. State of Rajasthan, (2022) 9 SCC 269

The Supreme Court criticized the High Court’s cryptic bail order, observing that such judgments do not reflect judicial application of mind. The Court lamented the growing trend of vague bail orders merely stating that “facts and circumstances have been considered” without spelling out what those facts are.

Key Takeaway:

A judicial order bereft of reasons is not just inadequate—it is arbitrary. “Reasoning is the lifeblood of the judicial system,” and vague references like “having perused the record” do not suffice.

2. Deepak Yadav v. State of U.P., AIR 2022 SC 2514

Here, the apex court reiterated that sound reasoning is essential, especially when serious offences are involved. The decision-maker must reassure the parties that discretion has been exercised judicially, after examining relevant considerations and ignoring extraneous ones.

3. Manoj Kumar Khokhar v. State of Rajasthan, (2022) 3 SCC 501

In this case, the Court invoked the Latin maxim: “cessante ratione legis cessat ipsa lex” — meaning, when the reason for a law ceases, so does the law itself. It held that cryptic and casual bail orders without meaningful justification are liable to be set aside.

4. Jaibunisha v. Meharban, (2022) 5 SCC 465

The Court clarified that although elaborate reasoning may not be required at the bail stage, some reasoning is indispensable. An order that lacks even basic rationale cannot be sustained.

5. Brijmani Devi v. Pappu Kumar, (2022) 4 SCC 497

Reiterating the need for relevant reasoning, the bench held that granting cryptic bail amounts to violation of natural justice. A “non-speaking order” renders the prosecution or informant remediless, justifying a challenge before a higher forum.

6. Ishwarji Nagaji Mali v. State of Gujarat, (2022) 6 SCC 609

The judgment acknowledges that while a detailed examination of evidence may not be possible at the bail stage, prima facie reasons justifying the grant of bail must be indicated. Absence of such reasoning renders the order unsustainable.

7. Sonu v. Sonu Yadav and Ors., (2021) 15 SCC 228

The Court explained how judicially reasoned bail orders bring transparency and credibility to the criminal justice process. Reasoned orders act as a bridge between judicial discretion and public trust.

8. Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, (2014) 8 SCC 273

This judgment laid the foundation for limiting unnecessary arrests, especially in offences punishable with imprisonment up to 7 years. The Court directed police officers not to arrest automatically and required magistrates to apply judicial mind before authorizing detention.

Significance for Bail Jurisprudence:

It curbed mechanical arrests and called for recording reasons for both arrest and remand. Bail became the rule, not the exception.

9. Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI, (2022) 10 SCC 51

A pathbreaking judgment that introduced structured bail guidelines, the Court classified offences into categories and directed strict compliance with arrest and bail norms. It reinforced that:

• For Category A offences (punishable up to 7 years), arrest should be avoided.
• Default bail must be respected under Section 167(2) CrPC.
• Courts must not delay bail on technicalities or minor lapses.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court’s consistent refrain is that bail is not to be denied merely as a punitive measure, nor granted casually without rational basis. Courts must strike a delicate balance between individual liberty and societal interest by:

• Recording cogent reasons;
• Avoiding non-speaking, vague, or template-like orders;
• Exercising discretion free from arbitrariness.

The evolving jurisprudence makes it clear: bail orders must speak. And when they do, they echo the Constitution’s promise of fairness, liberty, and reason.

Adv. Jayendra Dubey
advdubeyjayendra@gmail.com 
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Chamber Number 222/6, District Court Compound, Surajpur, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201306 
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